The Porosity and Surface Characteristics of Modified Glass Ionomer Cement
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the porosity and surface morphology of experimental bioactive glass ionomer cements (BGIC) modified with tricalcium phosphate (TCP), translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), and chlorhexidine (CHX). These modifications were intended to enhance the biological and physical performance of conventional glass ionomer cements (GIC) without compromising their structural integrity.
Material and Methods: Six groups of GIC-based materials were prepared (N=8), including unmodified GIC, BGIC, MBIGIC, MBIGIC+3T, MBIGIC+3T, and MBGIC+CHX. Porosity was evaluated using Micro-computed Tomography (Micro-CT) and quantified by calculating pore volume and average pore diameter. Surface morphology was assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at magnifications of 1,000× and 2,000× to observe the homogeneity, granularity, and presence of voids or cracks.
Results: The BGIC and MBGIC groups exhibited slightly higher porosity values compared to the control GIC group; however, these differences were not statistically significant (p-value=0.947). Similarly, the MBGIC+3T group showed porosity levels comparable to GIC. In contrast, both MBGIC+10T and MBGIC+CHX demonstrated significantly greater porosity than GIC and the lower TCP-modified groups (p-value=0.01), with no significant difference observed between MBGIC+10T and MBGIC+CHX.
Conclusion: Modifications of BGIC with TCP, TCTP, and CHX resulted in increased porosity without compromising the surface integrity or homogeneity of the material. These findings suggest that such modifications could be beneficial in improving ion release and biological activity while maintaining acceptable physical structure. However, the optimal balance between increased porosity and mechanical stability requires further investigation in long-term in vitro and in vivo studies.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Danelon M, Nunes GP, Sterzenbach T, Hannig C. Enhancing antimicrobial properties of glass ionomer cement through metallic agent reinforcement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 2025;160:105892. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105892.
Durrant L, Mutahar M, Daghrery AA, Albar NH, Alwadai GS, Alqahtani SA, et al. Clinical performance of glass ionomer cement in load-bearing restorations: a Systematic Review Med Sci Monit 2024;30:e943489. doi: 10.12659/msm.943489.
Moberg M, Brewster J, Nicholson J, Roberts H. Physical property investigation of contemporary glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer restorative materials. Clin Oral Investig 2019;23:1295-308. doi: 10.1007/s00784-018-2554-3.
Viswanathan N, Kumar IA, Meenakshi S. Development of chitosan encapsulated tricalcium phosphate biocomposite for fluoride retention. Int J Biol Macromol 2019;133:811-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.076.
Khan AS, Syed MR. A review of bioceramics-based dental restorative materials. Dent Mater J 2019;38:163-76. doi: 10.4012/dmj.2018-039.
Wanachottrakul N, Chotigeat W, Kedjarune-Leggat U. Effect of novel chitosan-fluoroaluminosilicate resin modified glass ionomer cement supplemented with translationally controlled tumor protein on pulp cells. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2014; 25: 1077-1085. doi: 10.1007/s10856-013-5137-5.
Jitpukdeebodintra S, Tannukit S, Rotpenpian N. Antimicrobial potential and biological properties of modified glass-ionomer cement supplemented with chlorhexidine diacetate. J Oral Sci 2025;67:146-51. doi: 10.2334/josnusd.25-0068.
Ratnayake J, Veerasamy A, Ahmed H, Coburn D, Loch C, Gray AR, et al. Clinical and microbiological evaluation of a chlorhexidine-modified glass ionomer cement (GIC-CHX) restoration placed using the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique. Materials (Basel) 2022;15. doi: 10.3390/ma15145044.
Rotpenpian N, Sornying P, Manmoo S, Dejyong K. Enhanced glass ionomer cement with bioactive additives for collagen synthesis and inflammation in pulp-rabbit teeth. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2025;15:1021-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2025.07.007.
Charan J, Biswas T. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research. Indian J Psychol Med.2013; 35:121–6. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.116232.
Jordáki D, Veress V, Kiss T, Szalma J, Fráter M, Lempel E. Comparative micro-CT analysis of internal adaptation and closed porosity of conventional layered and thermoviscous bulk-fill resin composites using total-etch or universal adhesives. Polymers 2025;17:2049. doi: 10.3390/polym17152049.
Kalantar Motamedi MR, Mortaheb A, Zare Jahromi M, Gilbert BE. Micro-CT evaluation of four root canal obturation techniques. Scanning 2021:6632822. doi: 10.1155/2021/6632822.
Sarna-BoŠ K, Skic K, Sobieszczañski J, Boguta P, Chałas R. Contemporary approach to the porosity of dental materials and methods of its measurement. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168903.
Zhevtun I, Gordienko P, Kulchin Y, Nikitin A, Pivovarov D, Yarusova S, Golub A, Nikiforov P, Timchenko V. Influence of Titanium Surface Porosity on Adhesive Strength of Coatings Containing Calcium Silicate. Materials (Basel). 2020;13. doi: 10.3390/ma13204493.
Jalili K, Abbasi, F, Oskoee SS, Alinejad Z. Relationships between the morphology, swelling and mechanical properties of poly(dimethyl siloxane)/poly(acrylic acid) interpenetrating networks. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2009;2:534-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2009.01.002
Vilela HS, Trinca RB, Alves TVM, Scaramucci T, Sakae LO, Mariano F S, Giannini M, Silva FRO, Braga RR. Effect of a calcium silicate cement and experimental glass ionomer cements containing calcium orthophosphate particles on demineralized dentin. Clin Oral Investig 2024;28:97. doi: 10.1007/s00784-024-05489-6.
Taghvaei N, Ghavami-Lahiji M, Evazalipour M, Tayefeh Davalloo R, Zamani E. Ion release, biocompatibility, and bioactivity of resin-modified calcium hydroxide cavity liners. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23:1034. doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03723-3.
Tay FR, Pashley EL, Huang C, Hashimoto M, Sano H, Smales RJ, Pashley DH. The glass-ionomer phase in resin-based restorative materials. J Dent Res. 2001; 80:1808-12. doi: 10.1177/00220345010800090701.
Silva-Barroso AS, Cabral CSD, Ferreira P, Moreira AF, Correia IJ. Lignin-enriched tricalcium phosphate/sodium alginate 3D scaffolds for application in bone tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2023;239:124258. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124258.
Sangsuwan P, Chotigeat W, Tannukit S, Kedjarune-Leggat U. Long-term effect of modified glass ionomer cement with mimicked biological property of recombinant translationally controlled protein. Polymers (Basel) 2022;14. doi: 10.3390/polym14163341.
Chumpraman A, Tannukit S, Chotigeat W, Kedjarune-Leggat U.Biocompatibility and mineralization activity of modified glass ionomer cement in human dental pulp stem cells. J Dent Sci 2023;18:1055-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.11.024.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.