Long-Term Exposure to Bitters (A&Y) Exacerbates Inflammation in Wistar Rats: A Study on Male Renal Function
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of long-term exposure to bitters (A&Y) on inflammation and renal functions in male Wistar rats. Specifically, the research focuses on assessing weight changes, lipid profiles, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers, oxidative and anti-oxidative markers, renal function markers, electrolytes, and kidney histology.
Material and Methods: Forty-nine male Wistar rats weighing between 160-180g were used for this study and were evenly divided into 7 groups (n=7): control (normal saline, 1ml), Y bitter low dose [YBL, 0.22 ml/kg], Y bitter average dose [YBA, 0.43 ml/kg], Y bitter high dose [YBH, 0.65 ml/kg], A bitter low dose [ABL, 0.22 ml/kg], A bitter average dose [ABA, 0.43 ml/kg] and A bitter high dose [ABH, 0.65 ml/kg] administered for 8 weeks. Biochemicals were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays kits. Hematoxylin and eosin stains were used for kidney histology. Statistically significant values (p-value<0.05) were accepted.
Results: The results of malondialdehyde, glutathione transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, creatinine, urea, and gamma glutamyl transferase significantly increased. The inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrotic factor, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 significantly increased, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 significantly decreased in the bitters-treated groups. The histology results showed a progressive decrease in the glomerular count of the bitters treated groups.
Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the arbitrary use of bitters has a significant negative impact on kidney health, leading to the development of glomerular nephritis and architectural changes in the renal tissue at a dose differential severity.
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